Python 并发模式：精通面向全球应用的线程安全数据结构

            import threading
import time

class UnsafeCounter:
    def __init__(self):
        self.value = 0

    def increment(self):
        # Simulate some work
        time.sleep(0.0001)
        self.value += 1

def worker(counter, num_iterations):
    for _ in range(num_iterations):
        counter.increment()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    counter = UnsafeCounter()
    num_threads = 10
    iterations_per_thread = 100000

    threads = []
    for _ in range(num_threads):
        thread = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(counter, iterations_per_thread))
        threads.append(thread)
        thread.start()

    for thread in threads:
        thread.join()

    expected_value = num_threads * iterations_per_thread
    print(f"Expected value: {expected_value}")
    print(f"Actual value: {counter.value}")
    if counter.value != expected_value:
        print("WARNING: Race condition detected! Actual value is less than expected.")
    else:
        print("No race condition detected in this run (unlikely for many threads).")


            

              
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            import threading
import time

class SafeCounter:
    def __init__(self):
        self.value = 0
        self.lock = threading.Lock() # Initialize a lock

    def increment(self):
        with self.lock: # Acquire the lock before entering critical section
            # Simulate some work
            time.sleep(0.0001)
            self.value += 1
        # Lock is automatically released when exiting the 'with' block

def worker_safe(counter, num_iterations):
    for _ in range(num_iterations):
        counter.increment()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    safe_counter = SafeCounter()
    num_threads = 10
    iterations_per_thread = 100000

    threads = []
    for _ in range(num_threads):
        thread = threading.Thread(target=worker_safe, args=(safe_counter, iterations_per_thread))
        threads.append(thread)
        thread.start()

    for thread in threads:
        thread.join()

    expected_value = num_threads * iterations_per_thread
    print(f"Expected value: {expected_value}")
    print(f"Actual value: {safe_counter.value}")
    if safe_counter.value == expected_value:
        print("SUCCESS: Counter is thread-safe!")
    else:
        print("ERROR: Race condition still present!")


            

              
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            import threading
import time
import random

def database_connection_simulator(thread_id, semaphore):
    print(f"Thread {thread_id}: Waiting to acquire DB connection...")
    with semaphore: # Acquire a slot in the connection pool
        print(f"Thread {thread_id}: Acquired DB connection. Performing query...")
        # Simulate database operation
        time.sleep(random.uniform(0.5, 2.0))
        print(f"Thread {thread_id}: Finished query. Releasing DB connection.")
    # Lock is automatically released when exiting the 'with' block

if __name__ == "__main__":
    max_connections = 3 # Only 3 concurrent database connections allowed
    db_semaphore = threading.Semaphore(max_connections)

    num_threads = 10
    threads = []
    for i in range(num_threads):
        thread = threading.Thread(target=database_connection_simulator, args=(i, db_semaphore))
        threads.append(thread)
        thread.start()

    for thread in threads:
        thread.join()

    print("All threads finished their database operations.")


            

              
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            import threading
import time
import random

def producer(event, data_container):
    for i in range(5):
        item = f"Data-Item-{i}"
        time.sleep(random.uniform(0.5, 1.5)) # Simulate work
        data_container.append(item)
        print(f"Producer: Produced {item}. Signaling consumer.")
        event.set() # Signal that data is available
        time.sleep(0.1) # Give consumer a chance to pick it up
        event.clear() # Clear the flag for the next item, if applicable

def consumer(event, data_container):
    for i in range(5):
        print(f"Consumer: Waiting for data...")
        event.wait() # Wait until the event is set
        # At this point, event is set, data is ready
        if data_container:
            item = data_container.pop(0)
            print(f"Consumer: Consumed {item}.")
        else:
            print("Consumer: Event was set but no data found. Possible race?")
        # For simplicity, we assume producer clears the event after a short delay

if __name__ == "__main__":
    data = [] # Shared data container (a list, not inherently thread-safe without locks)
    data_ready_event = threading.Event()

    producer_thread = threading.Thread(target=producer, args=(data_ready_event, data))
    consumer_thread = threading.Thread(target=consumer, args=(data_ready_event, data))

    producer_thread.start()
    consumer_thread.start()

    producer_thread.join()
    consumer_thread.join()

    print("Producer and Consumer finished.")


            

              
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            import threading
import time
import random

# A list protected by a lock within the condition
shared_data = []
condition = threading.Condition() # Condition object with an implicit Lock

class Producer(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        for i in range(5):
            item = f"Product-{i}"
            time.sleep(random.uniform(0.5, 1.5))
            with condition: # Acquire the lock associated with the condition
                shared_data.append(item)
                print(f"Producer: Produced {item}. Signaled consumers.")
                condition.notify_all() # Notify all waiting consumers
                # In this specific simple case, notify_all is used, but notify()
                # could also be used if only one consumer is expected to pick up.

class Consumer(threading.Thread):
    def run(self):
        for i in range(5):
            with condition: # Acquire the lock
                while not shared_data: # Wait until data is available
                    print(f"Consumer: No data, waiting...")
                    condition.wait() # Release lock and wait for notification
                item = shared_data.pop(0)
                print(f"Consumer: Consumed {item}.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    producer_thread = Producer()
    consumer_thread1 = Consumer()
    consumer_thread2 = Consumer() # Multiple consumers

    producer_thread.start()
    consumer_thread1.start()
    consumer_thread2.start()

    producer_thread.join()
    consumer_thread1.join()
    consumer_thread2.join()

    print("All producer and consumer threads finished.")


            

              
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            import threading

class ThreadSafeList:
    def __init__(self):
        self._list = []
        self._lock = threading.Lock()

    def append(self, item):
        with self._lock:
            self._list.append(item)

    def pop(self):
        with self._lock:
            if not self._list:
                raise IndexError("pop from empty list")
            return self._list.pop()

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        with self._lock:
            return self._list[index]

    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
        with self._lock:
            self._list[index] = value

    def __len__(self):
        with self._lock:
            return len(self._list)

    def __contains__(self, item):
        with self._lock:
            return item in self._list

    def __str__(self):
        with self._lock:
            return str(self._list)

    # You would need to add similar methods for insert, remove, extend, etc.

if __name__ == "__main__":
    ts_list = ThreadSafeList()

    def list_worker(list_obj, items_to_add):
        for item in items_to_add:
            list_obj.append(item)
        print(f"Thread {threading.current_thread().name} added {len(items_to_add)} items.")

    thread1_items = ["A", "B", "C"]
    thread2_items = ["X", "Y", "Z"]

    t1 = threading.Thread(target=list_worker, args=(ts_list, thread1_items), name="Thread-1")
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=list_worker, args=(ts_list, thread2_items), name="Thread-2")

    t1.start()
    t2.start()

    t1.join()
    t2.join()

    print(f"Final ThreadSafeList: {ts_list}")
    print(f"Final length: {len(ts_list)}")
    # The order of items might vary, but all items will be present, and length will be correct.
    assert len(ts_list) == len(thread1_items) + len(thread2_items)


            

              
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            import threading
import queue
import time
import random

def producer_queue(q, num_items):
    for i in range(num_items):
        item = f"Order-{i:03d}"
        time.sleep(random.uniform(0.1, 0.5)) # Simulate generating an order
        q.put(item) # Put item into the queue (blocks if queue is full)
        print(f"Producer: Placed {item} in queue.")

def consumer_queue(q, thread_id):
    while True:
        try:
            item = q.get(timeout=1) # Get item from queue (blocks if queue is empty)
            print(f"Consumer {thread_id}: Processing {item}...")
            time.sleep(random.uniform(0.5, 1.5)) # Simulate processing the order
            q.task_done() # Signal that the task for this item is complete
        except queue.Empty:
            print(f"Consumer {thread_id}: Queue empty, exiting.")
            break

if __name__ == "__main__":
    q = queue.Queue(maxsize=10) # A queue with a maximum size

    num_producers = 2
    num_consumers = 3
    items_per_producer = 5

    producer_threads = []
    for i in range(num_producers):
        t = threading.Thread(target=producer_queue, args=(q, items_per_producer), name=f"Producer-{i+1}")
        producer_threads.append(t)
        t.start()

    consumer_threads = []
    for i in range(num_consumers):
        t = threading.Thread(target=consumer_queue, args=(q, i+1), name=f"Consumer-{i+1}")
        consumer_threads.append(t)
        t.start()

    # Wait for producers to finish
    for t in producer_threads:
        t.join()

    # Wait for all items in the queue to be processed
    q.join() # Blocks until all items in the queue have been gotten and task_done() has been called for them

    # Signal consumers to exit by using the timeout on get()
    # Or, a more robust way would be to put a "sentinel" object (e.g., None) into the queue
    # for each consumer and have consumers exit when they see it.
    # For this example, the timeout is used, but sentinel is generally safer for indefinite consumers.

    for t in consumer_threads:
        t.join() # Wait for consumers to finish their timeout and exit

    print("All production and consumption complete.")


            

              
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            import threading
from collections import Counter
import time

class ThreadSafeCounterCollection:
    def __init__(self):
        self._counter = Counter()
        self._lock = threading.Lock()

    def increment(self, item, amount=1):
        with self._lock:
            self._counter[item] += amount

    def get_count(self, item):
        with self._lock:
            return self._counter[item]

    def total_count(self):
        with self._lock:
            return sum(self._counter.values())

    def __str__(self):
        with self._lock:
            return str(self._counter)

def counter_worker(ts_counter_collection, items, num_iterations):
    for _ in range(num_iterations):
        for item in items:
            ts_counter_collection.increment(item)
            time.sleep(0.00001) # Small delay to increase chance of interleaving

if __name__ == "__main__":
    ts_coll = ThreadSafeCounterCollection()
    
    products_for_thread1 = ["Laptop", "Monitor"]
    products_for_thread2 = ["Keyboard", "Mouse", "Laptop"] # Overlap on 'Laptop'

    num_threads = 5
    iterations = 1000

    threads = []
    for i in range(num_threads):
        # Alternate items to ensure contention
        items_to_use = products_for_thread1 if i % 2 == 0 else products_for_thread2
        t = threading.Thread(target=counter_worker, args=(ts_coll, items_to_use, iterations), name=f"Worker-{i}")
        threads.append(t)
        t.start()

    for t in threads:
        t.join()

    print(f"Final counts: {ts_coll}")
    # Calculate expected for Laptop: 3 threads processed Laptop from products_for_thread2, 2 from products_for_thread1
    # Expected Laptop = (3 * iterations) + (2 * iterations) = 5 * iterations
    # If the logic for items_to_use is:
    # 0 -> ["Laptop", "Monitor"]
    # 1 -> ["Keyboard", "Mouse", "Laptop"]
    # 2 -> ["Laptop", "Monitor"]
    # 3 -> ["Keyboard", "Mouse", "Laptop"]
    # 4 -> ["Laptop", "Monitor"]
    # Laptop: 3 threads from products_for_thread1, 2 from products_for_thread2 = 5 * iterations
    # Monitor: 3 * iterations
    # Keyboard: 2 * iterations
    # Mouse: 2 * iterations
    expected_laptop = 5 * iterations
    expected_monitor = 3 * iterations
    expected_keyboard = 2 * iterations
    expected_mouse = 2 * iterations

    print(f"Expected Laptop count: {expected_laptop}")
    print(f"Actual Laptop count: {ts_coll.get_count('Laptop')}")
    assert ts_coll.get_count('Laptop') == expected_laptop, "Laptop count mismatch!"
    assert ts_coll.get_count('Monitor') == expected_monitor, "Monitor count mismatch!"
    assert ts_coll.get_count('Keyboard') == expected_keyboard, "Keyboard count mismatch!"
    assert ts_coll.get_count('Mouse') == expected_mouse, "Mouse count mismatch!"

    print("Thread-safe CounterCollection validated.")


            

              
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            import threading
from collections import OrderedDict
import time

class ThreadSafeLRUCache:
    def __init__(self, capacity):
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.cache = OrderedDict() # OrderedDict maintains insertion order (useful for LRU)
        self.lock = threading.Lock()

    def get(self, key):
        with self.lock:
            if key not in self.cache:
                return None
            value = self.cache.pop(key) # Remove and re-insert to mark as recently used
            self.cache[key] = value
            return value

    def put(self, key, value):
        with self.lock:
            if key in self.cache:
                self.cache.pop(key) # Remove old entry to update
            elif len(self.cache) >= self.capacity:
                self.cache.popitem(last=False) # Remove LRU item
            self.cache[key] = value

    def __len__(self):
        with self.lock:
            return len(self.cache)

    def __str__(self):
        with self.lock:
            return str(self.cache)

def cache_worker(cache_obj, worker_id, keys_to_access):
    for i, key in enumerate(keys_to_access):
        # Simulate read/write operations
        if i % 2 == 0: # Half reads
            value = cache_obj.get(key)
            print(f"Worker {worker_id}: Get '{key}' -> {value}")
        else: # Half writes
            cache_obj.put(key, f"Value-{worker_id}-{key}")
            print(f"Worker {worker_id}: Put '{key}'")
        time.sleep(0.01) # Simulate some work

if __name__ == "__main__":
    lru_cache = ThreadSafeLRUCache(capacity=3)

    keys_t1 = ["data_a", "data_b", "data_c", "data_a"] # Re-access data_a
    keys_t2 = ["data_d", "data_e", "data_c", "data_b"] # Access new and existing

    t1 = threading.Thread(target=cache_worker, args=(lru_cache, 1, keys_t1), name="Cache-Worker-1")
    t2 = threading.Thread(target=cache_worker, args=(lru_cache, 2, keys_t2), name="Cache-Worker-2")

    t1.start()
    t2.start()

    t1.join()
    t2.join()

    print(f"\nFinal Cache State: {lru_cache}")
    print(f"Cache Size: {len(lru_cache)}")

    # Verify state (example: 'data_c' and 'data_b' should be present, 'data_a' potentially evicted by 'data_d', 'data_e')
    # The exact state can vary due to interleaving of put/get.
    # The key is that operations happen without corruption.
    # Let's assume after the example runs, "data_e", "data_c", "data_b" might be the last 3 accessed
    # Or "data_d", "data_e", "data_c" if t2's puts come later.
    # "data_a" will likely be evicted if no other puts happen after its last get by t1.
    print(f"Is 'data_e' in cache? {lru_cache.get('data_e') is not None}")
    print(f"Is 'data_a' in cache? {lru_cache.get('data_a') is not None}")


            

              
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